Tats (variants of name: Tati, Caucasian Persians The Persian people are defined by the use of the Persian language as their mother tongue. However, the term Persian has also a supra-ethnic significance and has been historically referred to a part of Iranian peoples. The origin of the Persian people is traced to the ancient Indo-Iranians , who arrived in parts of Greater Iran circa 2000-1500 BCE, Transcaucasian Persians) are an Iranian Indigenous ethnicities and emigrant communities living in: Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Turkey, Iraq, Syria, Azerbaijan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Georgia, Armenia, Russia, Oman, China , Hungary, United Kingdom, Germany and United States people, presently living within Azerbaijan Azerbaijan (pronounced /ˌæzərbaɪˈdʒɑːn/ az-ər-bye-JAHN; Azerbaijani: Azərbaycan), officially the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azerbaijani: Azərbaycan Respublikası), is one of the six independent Turkic states in the Caucasus region of Eurasia. Located at the crossroads of Eastern Europe and Western Asia, it is bounded by the Caspian Sea to, Armenia Armenia /ɑrˈmiːniə/ (Armenian: Հայաստան, transliterated : Hayastan, IPA: [hɑjɑsˈtɑn]), officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն, Hayastani Hanrapetut’yun, [hɑjɑstɑˈni hɑnɾɑpɛtuˈtʰjun]), is a landlocked mountainous country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia. Situated at the, and Russia Russia (pronounced /ˈrʌʃə/ ; Russian: Россия, tr. Rossiya, pronounced [rɐˈsʲijə] ( listen)), also officially known as the Russian Federation (Russian: Российская Федерация, tr. Rossiyskaya Federatsiya, pronounced [rɐˈsʲijskəjə fʲɪdʲɪˈraʦəjə] ( listen)), is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal (mainly Southern Dagestan The Republic of Dagestan is a federal subject (a republic) of Russia, located in the North Caucasus region). Variants of self-designation (depending on the region) are Tati, Parsi, Daghli, Lohijon. Tats use the Tati language, which is, like Iranian Persian Persian is an Iranian language within the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European languages. It is widely spoken in Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and to some extent in Iraq, Bahrain, and Oman. New Persian, which usually is called also by the names of Farsi, Parsi, Dari or Parsi-ye-Dari (Dari Persian), can be classified linguistically, a Southwestern Iranian language. Azerbaijani Azerbaijani or Azeri is a language belonging to the Turkic language family, spoken in southwestern Asia, primarily in Azerbaijan and northwestern Iran. Azerbaijani is member of the Oghuz branch of the Turkic languages and is closely related to Turkish, Qashqai and Turkmen and Russian Russian is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages, and the largest native language in Europe. Russian belongs to the family of Indo-European languages and is one of three living members of the East Slavic languages. Written examples of Old East Slavonic are attested from the 10th are also spoken among Tats. Tats mainly are Shia Shia Islam , is the second largest denomination of Islam, after Sunni Islam. The followers of Shia Islam are called Shi'as but are also known as Shiites or Shi'ites. "Shia" is the short form of the historic phrase Shī‘atu ‘Alī (شيعة علي), meaning "the followers of Ali" or "the faction of Ali" Muslims A Muslim or Moslem is an adherent of the religion of Islam. Literally, the word means "one who submits (to God)". Muslim is the participle of the same verb of which Islam is the infinitive. All Muslims observe Sunnah, but differences in the definition of what is and what is not Sunnah has led to the emergence of sectarian movements.[, with a sizeable number of Sunni Sunni Islam is the largest branch of Islam, also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘ah or Ahl as-Sunnah (Arabic: أهل السنة) for short. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Orthodox Islam. The word "Sunni" comes from the term Sunnah (Arabic: سنة), which refers to the words and actions or example of the Islamic Muslims.
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History
Earliest mentioning about the presence of Persians in Transcaucasia The South Caucasus is a geopolitical region located on the border of Eastern Europe and Southwest Asia also referred to as Transcaucasia, or The Transcaucasus. More specifically, the South Caucasus area spans the southern portion of the Caucasus Mountains and its lowlands, lying between the two continents of Europe and Asia and extending from the relates to the martial expansion of Achaemenids The Achaemenid Empire , also known as the Persian Empire, was the successor state of the Median Empire, ruling over significant portions of what would become Greater Iran. The Persian and the Median Empire taken together are also known as the Medo-Persian Empire, which encompassed the combined territories of several earlier empires (558-330 BC), during which they annexed Transcaucasia as the X, XI, XVIII and XIX satrapies of their empire[1]. This information has been verified by the archaeological investigations on the territory of Azerbaijan Azerbaijan (pronounced /ˌæzərbaɪˈdʒɑːn/ az-ər-bye-JAHN; Azerbaijani: Azərbaycan), officially the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azerbaijani: Azərbaycan Respublikası), is one of the six independent Turkic states in the Caucasus region of Eurasia. Located at the crossroads of Eastern Europe and Western Asia, it is bounded by the Caspian Sea to, Armenia Armenia /ɑrˈmiːniə/ (Armenian: Հայաստան, transliterated : Hayastan, IPA: [hɑjɑsˈtɑn]), officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն, Hayastani Hanrapetut’yun, [hɑjɑstɑˈni hɑnɾɑpɛtuˈtʰjun]), is a landlocked mountainous country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia. Situated at the, and Georgia Georgia (Georgian: საქართველო, IPA: [sɑkʰɑrtʰvɛlɔ] ; English pronunciation: /ˈdʒɔrdʒə/ ( listen)) is a sovereign state in the Caucasus region of Eurasia. Situated at the juncture of Eastern Europe and Western Asia, it is bounded to the west by the Black Sea, to the north by Russia, to the south by Turkey and Armenia,, during which ruins of Achaemenid's architecture, pieces of jewelry and crockery have been discovered[2].
Nevertheless, there haven’t been more information about numerous and permanent Persian population in Transcaucasia since the Achaemenid's period. It’s most likely to suppose that ancestors of modern Tats resettled to Transcaucasia in the time of the dynasty of Sassanids The Sassanid Empire , known to its inhabitants as Ērānshahr and Ērān, was the last pre-Islamic Persian Empire, ruled by the Sasanian Dynasty from 224 to 651. The Sassanid Empire, which succeeded the Parthian Empire, was recognized as one of the two main powers in Western Asia and Europe, alongside the Roman Empire and later the Byzantine (III-VII CE), who built cities and founded military garrisons to strengthen their positions in this region.[3]
Shah Khosrau I Anoushirvan (531-579) had presented a title of the regent of Shirvan Shirvan , also spelled as Shirwan, Shervan and Šervān, is a historical region in the eastern Caucasus, known by this name in both Islamic and modern times. Today, the region, an industrially and agriculturally developed part of Azerbaijan that stretches between the western shores of the Caspian Sea and the Kura River and is centred on the (the region in the Eastern Transcaucasia) to a close relative of his, who later became a progenitor of the first Shirvanshah dynasty (about 510 – 1538).[4]
After the region had been conquered by Arabs Arab people or Arabs (العرب al-ʿarab) are a panethnicity of peoples of various ancestral origins, religious backgrounds and historic identities, whose members, on an individual basis, identify as such on one or more of linguistic, cultural, political, or genealogical grounds. Those self-identifying as Arab, however, rarely do so with it as (VII-VIII) islamization of the local population began. Since the XI century Oghuz tribes, led by Seljuq dynasty started to penetrate into that region. A gradual formation of Azeri Turkic started. Apparently in this period an external name «Tat» or «Tati» was assigned to Transcaucasian dialect of the Persian language. This name came of Turkic term «Tat», which designated settled farmers (mainly Persians).[5]
Mongols Tibetan Buddhism and Shamanism conquered Transcaucasia in the 30s of the XII century and the state of Ilkhanate was founded. Mongolian domination lasted till 60 – 70s of the XIV century, but that didn’t stop culture from developing – prominent poets and scientists lived and worked there during the XIII – XIV centuries.
In the end of the XIV century Transcaucasia was invaded by the army of Tamerlane Timur (from the Perso-Arabic form تیمور Tīmūr, ultimately from Chagatai Temür "iron"; 8 April 1336 – 18 February 1405), normally known as Tamerlane (from Tīmūr-e Lang) in English, was a 14th-century conqueror of Western, South and Central Asia, founder of the Timurid Empire and Timurid dynasty (1370–1405) in Central Asia,. By the end the XIV–XV centuries the state of Shirvanshahs had obtained a considerable power, its diplomatic and economic ties had become stronger. By the middle of the XVI century the state of Shirvanshahs had been eliminated, Transcaucasia had been joined to the Safavidian Iran almost completely.
In the middle of the XVIII century Russia started to widen its influence over Transcaucasia. In the course of the Russian-Persian wars 1803-1828 Transcaucasian region became a part of the Russian Empire.
Since that time we can use data about quantity and settling of Tats, collected by tsarist authorities. When the city of Baku was occupied in the beginning of the XIX century, the whole population of the city (about 8000 of people) were Tats.[6] This is an official result of the first census of the population of Baku, gained by tsarist authorities.
Also according to the book 19th century book Golestan-e-Aram, written by Abbasqulu Bakikhanov, Tati was widespread in many areas of Shamakhi, Baku, Darband and Guba[7]
Bakikhanov, local historian from Baku states[8]:
“There are eight villages in Tabarsaran which are: Jalqan, Rukan, Maqatir, Kamakh, Ridiyan, Homeydi, Mata'i, and Bilhadi. They are in the environs of a city that Anushiravan built near the wall of Darband. Its remains are still there. They speak the Tat language, which is one of the languages of Old Persia. It is clear that they are from the people of Fars and after its destruction they settled in those villages. ..The districts situated between the two cities of Shamakhi and Qodyal, which is now the city of Qobbeh, include Howz, Lahej, and Qoshunlu in Shirvan and Barmak, Sheshpareh and the lower part of Boduq in Qobbeh, and all the country of Baku, except six villages of Turkmen, speak Tat. it becomes apparent from this that they originate from Fars.“
According to the «Calendar of Caucasus» of the year 1894 there were 124693 of Tats in Transcaucasia.[9] But because of the gradual spreading of Azeri Turkic, Tati was passing out of use. During the Soviet period, after the official term «Azerbaijani» had been introduced into practice in the end of 1930s, the ethnic self-consciousness of Tats changed greatly. Many of them started to call themselves «Azerbaijani», if in 1926 about 28443 of Tats had been counted[10], in 1989 only 10239 of people recognized themselves as Tats.[11].
There are a number of tats residing in eastern part of Turkmenistan The Republic of Turkmenistan , also known as Turkmenia (Russian: Туркмения) is one of the Turkic states in Central Asia. Until 1991, it was a constituent republic of the Soviet Union, the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic (Turkmen SSR). Turkmenistan is one of the six independent Turkic states. It is bordered by Afghanistan to the.
In the year 2005 American researches, which carried out investigations in several villages of Guba, Devechi, Khizi, Siyazan, Ismailli and Shemakha districts of the Republic of Azerbaijan, indicated 15553 of tats in these villages.[12]
Summing up we can draw a conclusion, that there is no precise information about the real number of people speaking Tati, but we can presume, that today there are about several thousand of native speakers of Tati living in some villages of Guba, Devechi, Khizi, Siyazan, Ismailli and Shemakha districts of the Republic of Azerbaijan and also in several villages of Southern Dagestan.
Local self-designation of groups of Tati population
Ethnonym «Tati» has Turkic origin; it has been used in Transcaucasia since Middle Ages for naming local Persian-speaking population. Later Persians of Transcaucasia have started to use this ethnonym for naming themselves. The majority of Tati population of Azerbaijan and Southern Dagestan uses the term «Tati» or «Tat» as a self-designation. Nevertheless today there are some other self-designations of local groups of «Tati» population in Azerbaijan, like Parsi, Daghli, Lohuj[13]
Parsi. The term «parsi» has been used by tats of Apsheron (Balakhani, Surakhani villages) till the present day as self-designation and also as an indication of Tati language «zuhun parsi». This term relates to Middle Persian self-designation of Persians – Pārsīk. It is interesting, that the same term also stood for the Middle Persian language Middle Persian is the Middle Iranian language/ethnolect of Southwestern Iran that during Sassanid times became a prestige dialect and so came to be spoken in other regions as well. Middle Persian is classified as Western Iranian language. It descends from Old Persian and is the nominal ancestor of Persian itself; compare with – «Pārsīk ut Pahlavīk» – Persian and Parthian. During the New Iranian language period the final consonant naturally fell off and New Persian form of ethnonym was supposed to become Pārsī.
Most likely that Ethnonym «Parsi» had been the original self-designation of Transcaucasian Persians, till it was replaced by Turkic name «Tat». It is significant to mention that some groups of Persian-speaking population of Afghanistan together with Zoroastrians of India (so-called Parsis Parsi or Parsee refers to a member of the larger of the two Zoroastrian communities of or from the Indian subcontinent) use the term «Parsi» as a self-designation.
Lohijon Citizens of Tati settlement Lahij Lahij or Lahej is a city and an area located between Ta'izz and Aden in Yemen. From the 18th to the 20th century, its rulers were of the Al-Abdali family who with Al-Sallami, Al-Ramada, Al-Sindi and al-Aqrabi, claims relation to Ahl al-Bayt (the family of Muhammad). Lahij was the capital city of Sultanate of Lahej, a protectorate of the British of Ismailli district name themselves after their village «Lohuj» (plural «Lohijon»). Lahij is the most densely populated Tati urban village (about 10 thousand citizens). It is situated in the region, which is rather difficult of access; this fact has prevented local population from contacts with outside world and has led to creation of their own isolated self-designation «Lohuj».
Daghli Tats of Khizi district and partly of Devechi and Siyazan districts use another term of Turkic origin – «Daghli» («mountaineers») for naming themselves. Obviously, this term has later origin and initially was used by Turki plainsmen of that district for naming Tati population living in mountains. In time as a result of spreading of Azeri Turkic, the term «daghli» has strongly come into use and tats of Khizi district started to use it as a self-designation themselves.
At present Tats are making attempts to return to the original self-designation «Parsi» together with use of Persian language as a literary standard.
At the 14th of December 1990 during the board of the Ministry of justice of the Azerbaijan SSR the cultural and educational society «Azeri» for studying and development of Tati language, history and ethnography was founded. The primer and the textbook of Tati language together with literary and folklore pieces were published.
Farming
Traditional occupations of the Tati population are ploughing agriculture, vegetable-growing, gardening and cattle-breeding. Main cultures are barley, rye, wheat, millet, sunflower, maize, potatoes and peas. Large vineyards and fruit gardens are widespread. Sheep, cows, horses, donkeys, buffalos and rarely camels are kept as domestic cattle.
Blank wall of traditional one- or two-storeyed houses was facing the street. Houses are made of rectangular limestone blocks or river shingles. The roof is flat with an opening for the stone flue pipe of the fireplace. The upper store of the house was used for habitation; household quarters (like kitchen etc.) were situated on the ground floor. One of walls of the living room was provided with several niches for storing of clothes, bed linen and sometimes crockery. Rooms were illuminated by lamps or through the opening in the roof. House furniture consisted of low couches, carpets and mattresses. Fireplaces, braziers and ovens were used for heating.
The closed yard had a garden. There was a verandah (ayvan), a paved drain or a small basin (tendir), covered cattle-pan, stable and hen-house.
Religion
Originally Persians, like the majority of other Iranian peoples, were Zoroastrians A Zoroastrian is an adherent to Zoroastrianism, which along with Judaism is one of the first monotheistic religions, that is based on the teachings and philosophies of Zoroaster. After they had been conquered by Arabian caliphate, Islam Islam (Arabic: الإسلام al-’islām, pronounced [ʔislæːm] [note 1]) is the monotheistic religion articulated by the Qur’an, a text considered by its adherents to be the verbatim word of their one, incomparable God (Arabic: الله, Allāh), and by the Prophet of Islam Muhammad's teachings and normative example (in Arabic called became widely spread. Today tats mainly are Shia Muslims, with a sizeable number of Sunni Muslims.
Culture
During a long period of time naturalize Persian settlers of Transcaucasia have interacted with surrounding ethnic groups sharing their culture and adopting some elements of other cultures simultaneously. Useful arts like carpet-making, hand-weaving, manufacture of metal fabrics, embossing and incrusTation are highly developed. The arts of ornamental design and miniature are also very popular.[14]
Spoken folk art of tats is very rich. Genres of national poetry like ruba’is, ghazals, beyts are highly developed. While studying works of Persian medieval poets of Transcaucasia – Khaqani Nezami – some distinctive features peculiar to the Tati language have been revealed.[15]
As a result of long historical co-existence of tats and Azeri Turks a lot of common features in the field of farming, housekeeping and culture have developed. Modern Azerbaijani folklore apparently has grown up from Iranian substratum.[16].
Traditional women clothes: long shirt, wide trousers worn outside, slim line dress, outer unbuttoned dress, headscarf and Morocco stockings, men clothes: Circassian coat, high fur-cap. Great number of Tats live in mountains, work for the industry, social group of intelligentsia has formed.
Tats, Mountain Jews, Armenians and Tati people of the North-West Iran
The Tati language was widely spread in Eastern Transcaucasia. It is proved by the fact that down to the XX-th century it had been used by the non-Muslim groups of population: mountain Jews The Jews , also known as the Jewish people, are a nation and ethnoreligious group originating in the Israelites or Hebrews of the Ancient Near East. The Jewish ethnicity, nationality, and religion are strongly interrelated, as Judaism is the traditional faith of the Jewish nation. Converts to Judaism, whose status as Jews within the Jewish ethnos, part of Armenians and Udins[17]. This fact has led to a false idea, that Tats (Muslim), Tati-speaking Mountain Jews and Tati-speaking Armenians The Armenians are a nation and ethnic group which originated in the Caucasus and the Armenian Highland. It is estimated that there are from 8 to 11 million Armenians around the world. There is a large concentration of Armenians in the Caucasus, especially in Armenia, and there is a significant presence in Georgia, Iran, Russia, and Ukraine. As a (Christians) are one nation, practicing three different religions.
Tats and Mountain Jews Mountain Jews belong to the community of Persian-speaking Jews on the basis of the language and some other characteristics. Some groups of this community live in Iran, Afghanistan and Central Asia (Bukharian Jews). Jews of the Central Asia got the name «Mountain» only in the XIX century, when all Caucasian peoples were named «mountain» in official Russian documentation. Mountain Jews call themselves «Yeudi» («Jews») or «Juhuri».
In the year 1888 A. Sh. Anisimov showing the closeness of languages of mountain Jews and Caucasian Persians (Tats) in his work «Caucasian Jews-Mountaineers» came to a conclusion, that mountain Jews were representatives of «Iranian family of Tats», which had adopted Judaism in Iran and later moved to Transcaucasia.
Ideas of Anisimov were supported during the Soviet period: the popularization of the idea of the mountain Jews «Tati» origin started in 30-s. By efforts of several mountain Jews, closely connected with regime, the false idea of mountain Jews being non-Jews at all, but «Judaismized» tats became widely spread. Some Mountain Jews started to register themselves as tats because of secret pressure from the direction of authorities.
As a result of this situation words «tat» and «mountain Jew» became synonyms. The term «tat» was mistakenly used in the research literature as the second or even first naming for Mountain Jews.
This brought to the situation when the whole cultural heritage (literature, theatre, music), created by Mountain Jews during the Soviet period, was arrogated to Tats despite the fact that they had nothing in common with it.
Furthermore, comparing physic-anthropological characteristics of Tats and Mountain Jews together with the information about their languages, we can see that there are no signs of ethnic unity between these two nations.
Grammatical structure of Mountain Jews dialect is much older than the Tati language itself. That creates a certain communication gap. [Generally speaking, archaic basis is typical for all «Jewish» languages: for Sephardis language (Ladino Judaeo-Spanish, in Israel commonly referred to as Ladino, and known locally as Judezmo, Djudeo-Espanyol, Djudezmo, Djudeo-Kasteyano, Spaniolit and other names, is a Romance language derived from Old Castilian. As a Jewish language, it is influenced heavily by Hebrew and Aramaic, but also Arabic, Turkish and to a lesser extent Greek and other), which is old-Spanish, for Ashkenazi language (Yiddish Yiddish is a High German language of Ashkenazi Jewish origin, spoken throughout the world. It developed as a fusion of German dialects with Hebrew, Aramaic, Slavic languages and traces of Romance languages. It is written in the Hebrew alphabet) – old-German and etc. At the same time all of these languages are satiated with words of old-Jewish origin.] Having turned to the Persian language, Jews nevertheless kept a layer of adoptions from Aramaic and Old-Jewish languages in their dialect, including those words, which were not connected with Judaic rituals (zoft «resin», nokumi «envy», ghuf «body», keton «linen» etc.) Some word combinations in the language of Mountain Jews have a structure typical for old-Jewish language.
Physic-anthropological types of Caucasian Persians (Tats) and Mountain Jews not only bear no similarities, they are almost opposite to each other.
In the year 1913 anthropologist K.M. Kurdov carried out measurements of a large group of Tati population of Lahij village and revealed fundamental difference (cephalic index average value is 79,21) of their physic-anthropological type from the type of mountain Jews. Measurements of Tats and Mountain Jews were also made by some other researches. Cephalic index average value for the Tats of The Republic of Azerbaijan differs from 77,13 to 79,21, for Mountain Jews of Daghestan and The Republic of Azerbaijan – form 86,1 до 87,433. Some measurements have also showed that, for Tats mesocephalia and dolichocephalia are typical, while extreme brachycephalia is typical for Mountain Jews, hence there are no facts proving that these two nations are related.
Moreover, dermatoglyphics characteristics (relief of the inside of the palm) of the Tats and Mountain Jews also exclude ethnic similarity.
It is evident, that speakers of Mountain-Jew dialect and Tati language are representatives of two different nations, each owing its own religion, ethnic consciousness, self-designation, way of life, material and mental values.[18]
Tats and Armenians Some sources and publications of XVIII-XX indicate citizens of several Tati-speaking village of Transcaucasia as Armenian Tats, Armeno-Tats, Christian Tats and Gregorian Tats. Authors of these works offered a hypothesis that a part of Persians of Eastern Transcaucasia had adopted Armenian Apostolic Christianity, but they do not take into consideration the fact that those citizens identify themselves as Armenians.[19]
However, the hypothesis that Tati-speaking Armenians are descended from Persians can’t be called reliable and well-founded for several reasons.
Within political situation existing in Transcaucasia in the time of Sassanids and later under Muslim dynasties, Christianity wasn’t a privileged religion. Zoroastrianism dominated in the time of Sassanids, later – Islam. Under such circumstances there were no stimuli for Persian population to reduce their high social status by adopting Christianity.
If Tati-speaking Armenians had been descendent to Persians, they should have used at least some Iranian terms connected with Christian way of life and rituals. But there no such words in their language, which they call themselves «Parseren», i.e. «Persian». All words related to Christianity are exceptionally Armenian: terter «priest» (instead of due Persian kešiš), zam «church» (instead of due Persian kilse), knunk‘ «christening» (instead of due Persian ghosl ta’mid), zatik «Easter» (instead of due Persian fesh), pas «Lent» (instead of due Persian ruze) and etc.
There are evident traces of phonological, lexical, grammatical and calque Armenian substratum in the dialect of Tati-speaking Armenians. Also there are Armenian affricates «ծ», «ց», «ձ» in words of Iranian origin, which do not exist in Tati language. This can only be explained by the influence Armenian substratum.
Regardless the fact that they have lost the language, the group of Armenians managed to preserve their national identity. Important aspect of it is distinct dichotomy «Us-They» with opposition of «Us» («Hay») to Muslims («Tajik»), Tats and Azeri together with conception of themselves as a suffering part and nation with tragic historical destiny.
Summing up all above-mentioned facts, we can say that «Armenian-Tats» have always been and now are Armenians, who managed to preserve their Christian religion, but had to accept the Tati language owing to its dominant position and the fact that they were isolated from the centers of Armenian culture.
Tats and Tati people of the North-West Iran Term «tati», starting from the middle ages, in addition to the Caucasus, in the course of and in the North-Western Iran, where it has made almost all of the local Iranian languages, except of Persian and Kurdish. Currently, the term «Tati», in addition to the name Tati language, closely related Persian, and is used to refer to a particular group of north-western Iranian dialects (chali, danesfani, hiaraji, hoznini, esfarvarini, takestani, sagzabadi, ebrahimabadi, eshtehardi, hoini, kajali, shahroudi, harzani) prevalent in Iranian Azerbaijan, as well as south-east and south-west of it, in the provinces of Zanjan, Ramand and around the city of Qazvin.[20] These dialects have a certain affinity to Talysh language and deals with it as one of the descendants of the Azeri language.
Application of the same names «Tati» to two different Iranian languages generated delusion that Tats of Caucasus, and also live in Iran, because of what some sources, to indicate the number of outcomes, and indicate the same people in Iran.
External links
- Parsis of Transcaucasia (Russian)
References
- ^ Herodotus. History
- ^ Kroll Stephan. «Medes and Persians in Transcaucasia: archaeological horizons in north-western Iran and Transcaucasia», in : G. B. Lanfranchi, M. Roaf, R. Rollinger, eds., Continuity of Empire (?) Assyria, Media, Persia. Padova, S.a.r.g.o.n. Editrice e Libreria, 2003, pp. 281-287.
- ^ V. Minorsky. A History of Sharvan and Darband in the 10th-11th Centuries
- ^ Ahmad al-Baladhuri. Book of the Conquests of Lands (Kitab Futuh al-Buldan)
- ^ B. Miller. Taty, ikh rasseleniye i govory (in Russian)
- ^ Yunusov A. S. Azərbaycanda Islam (in Azeri Turkic)
- ^ Gulistan-i Iram / ʻAbbāsqulī Āqā Bakikhānūf ; matn-i ʻilm - intiqādī bi-saʻy va ihtimam: ʻAbd al-Karīm ʻAlī-zādah [va dīgarān],Bākku : Idārah-ʾi intishārāt-i "ʻIlm", 1970. Original Persian: درصفحه 18 كتاب مذكور آمده است: هشت قريه در طبرسران كه جلقان و روكال و مقاطير و كماخ و زيديان و حميدي و مطاعي و بيلحدي باشد، در حوالي شهري كه انوشيروان در محل متصل به دربند تعمير كرده بود و آثار آن هنوز معلوم است، زبان تات دارند. ايضا" در صفحه 19 كتاب ياد شده آمده است: محالات واقع در ميان بلوكينشماخي و قديال كه حالا شهر قبه است، مثل حوض و لاهج و قشونلو در شيروان و برمك و شش پاره و پايين بدوق در قبه و تمام مملكت باكو سواي شش قريه ي تراكمه، همينزبان تات را دارند... قسم قربي مملكت قبه سواي قريه ي خنالق كه رباني عليحده دارد و ناحيه ي سموريه و كوره دو محال طبرسران كه دره و احمدلو ميباشند به اصطلاحاتمنطقه، زبان مخصوص دارند و اهالي ترك زبان را مغول مينامند .
- ^ Willem Floor, Hasan Javadi(2009), "The Heavenly Rose-Garden: A History of Shirvan & Daghestan by Abbas Qoli Aqa Bakikhanov, Mage Publishers, 2009. page 18
- ^ Kavkazskiy calendar, Tiflis, 1894 (in Russian)
- ^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1926 года. Национальный состав населения по регионам республик СССРДемоскоп Weekly.
- ^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года. Национальный состав населения по регионам республик СССР Демоскоп Weekly.
- ^ John M. Clifton, Gabriela Deckinga, Laura Lucht, Calvin Tiessen. Sociolinguistic Situation of the Tat and Mountain Jews in Azerbaijan, 2005 г.
- ^ Б. В. Миллер. Таты, их расселение и говоры. Баку, 1929 г.B. Miller. Taty, ikh rasseleniye i govory (in Russian)
- ^ Great Soviet Encyclopedia, vol. 25 (in Russian)
- ^ Jamāl-al-Din Khalil Šarvāni, Nozhat al-majāles, ed. Mohammad Amin Riāhi, Tehran, 2nd ed. Tehran, 1996. (in Persian)
- ^ Грюнберг А. Л. Язык североазербайджанских татов. М.-Л., 1958 г. Gruenberg A. L. Yazik severo-azerbayjanskikh tatov. Moscow, 1958. (in Russian).
- ^ İsmayılov R. Azərbaycan tarixi (in Azeri Turkic)
- ^ И. Семёнов. О происхождении горских евреев. I. Semenov. O proiskhozhdenii gorskikh evreyev (in Russian).
- ^ А. Акопян. Устные истории татоязычных армян о событиях начала 20-го века A. Akopian. Ustnie istorii tatoyazichnikh armyan o sobitiyakh nachala 20 veka. (in Russian).
- ^ Языки мира. Иранские языки. Северо-западные иранские языки. с. 106-107. М., Индрик, 1999 г.
Categories: Ethnic groups in Azerbaijan | Ethnic groups in Dagestan | Iranian peoples This category is based on linguistics and, in some cases, culture and genetics. In other words, it incorporates people from diverse backgrounds who speak a related group of languages. A core group of Iranian peoples exist, while other groups are either assumed to be putatively descended from them or have some unknown affiliation. Some of these | Muslim communities
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James Millikan
ue, 25 Aug 2009 01:06:59 GM
The . tats. emphasize natural facial features, seemingly with the intent certainly with the result of making them more formidable. It's a Rrrooaaarrr! kind of thing. Maori men were warriors (many may still be). ...
