Timeline of First Orbital Launches By Country Facts

This is a timeline of first orbital launches by country. While a number of countries have built satellites In the context of spaceflight, a satellite is an object which has been placed into orbit by human endeavor. Such objects are sometimes called artificial satellites to distinguish them from natural satellites such as the Moon, as of 2008 only eight countries In geography and politics, a country is a political division of a geographical entity. Frequently, but not always, a country is considered a Sovereign territory and is associated with the notations of State, Nation and Government. Formal recognition as a country requires the fulfillment of several criteria, such as the Constitutive theory of, the multi-national European Space Agency The European Space Agency , established in 1975, is an intergovernmental organisation dedicated to the exploration of space, currently with 17 member states. Headquartered in Paris, ESA has a staff of close to 2,000 with an annual budget of about €2.9 billion in 2007, and the privately owned Sea Launch Sea Launch is a spacecraft launch service that uses a mobile sea platform for equatorial launches of commercial payloads on specialized Zenit 3SL rockets. As of July 2008 it had assembled and launched 28 rockets with two failures and one partial failure company have sent objects into orbit Historically, the apparent motion of the planets were first understood in terms of epicycles, which are the sums of numerous circular motions. This predicted the path of the planets quite well, until Johannes Kepler was able to show that the motion of the planets were in fact elliptical motions. Albert Einstein later was able to show that gravity using their own launch systems An expendable launch system is a launch system that uses an expendable launch vehicle to carry a payload into space. The vehicles used in expendable launch systems are designed to be used only once (i.e. they are "expended" during a single flight), and their components are not recovered after launch. The vehicles typically consists of. In all cases where a country has conducted human spaceflights A human spaceflight is a spaceflight with a human crew, and possibly passengers. This makes it unlike robotic space probes or remotely-controlled satellites. Human spaceflight is sometimes called manned spaceflight, a term now deprecated by major space agencies in favor of its gender-neutral alternative, these launches were preceded by unmanned launches.

The race to launch the first satellite was closely contested by the Soviet Union The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 and the United States The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the, and was the beginning of the Space Race The Space Race was a competition of space exploration between the Soviet Union and the United States, which lasted roughly from 1957 to 1975. It involved the efforts to explore outer space with artificial satellites, to send humans into space, and to land them on the Moon. The launching of satellites, while still contributing to national prestige, is a significant economic activity as well, with public and private rocket systems competing for launches, using cost and reliability as selling points.

List of first orbital launches by country

Not included

Extra-national launches and projects

• Sea Launch Sea Launch is a spacecraft launch service that uses a mobile sea platform for equatorial launches of commercial payloads on specialized Zenit 3SL rockets. As of July 2008 it had assembled and launched 28 rockets with two failures and one partial failure is a consortium of four companies from the United States The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the, Russia Russia [ˈɹʌʃə] (Russian: Россия, Rossiya), or the Russian Federation (Russian: Российская Федерация?·i, Rossiyskaya Federatsiya), is a transcontinental country extending over much of northern Eurasia. It is a semi-presidential republic comprising 83 federal subjects. Russia shares land borders with the following, Ukraine Ukraine [juˈkɹeɪn] (Ukrainian: Україна, Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/) is a country in Eastern Europe. It borders Russia to the east, Belarus to the north, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary to the west, Romania, Moldova (including the breakaway Pridnestrovie) to the southwest, and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south. The city of Kiev (Kyiv) and Norway Norway [ˈnɔɹweɪ] (Norwegian: Norge (bokmål) or Noreg (nynorsk)), officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a constitutional monarchy in Northern Europe that occupies the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula, stretching from its northern extremity to its southern one. The majority of the country shares a border to the southeast with Sweden;: Boeing The Boeing Company is a major aerospace and defense corporation, originally founded by William E. Boeing in Seattle, Washington. Boeing has expanded over the years, merging with McDonnell Douglas in 1997. Its international headquarters has been in Chicago, Illinois, US since 2001. Boeing is the largest global aircraft manufacturer by revenue,, Energia, Yuzhmash The A.M. Makarov Yuzhny Machine-Building Plant, or PA Yuzhmash is a Ukrainian manufacturer of agricultural equipment, buses, trolley buses and trams, wind turbines, space rockets, and satellites. It is a large state-owned company located in Dnipropetrovsk and Yuzhnoye Design Bureau Yuzhnoye Design Bureau , located in Dnipropetrovsk, Ukraine, is a designer of satellites and rockets, and formerly of Soviet intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) established by Mikhail Yangel. Yuzhnoye's OKB designation was OKB-586, and Aker Kværner, respectively. Its first demonstration satellite, DemoSat, was launched on 27 March 1999, using a modified, mainly Ukrainian Zenit 3SL The Zenit rocket is a space launch vehicle designed by the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau of Ukraine. Zenit was built in the 1980s for two purposes: as a liquid rocket booster for the Energia rocket and, equipped with a second stage, as a stand-alone rocket. Moreover Zenit was planned to take over manned spaceship launches from Soyuz, but these plans were rocket launched from the Ocean Odyssey The Ocean Odyssey is a self-propelled, semi-submersible drilling rig which was rebuilt as a mobile spacecraft launch platform and is currently used by Sea Launch for equatorial Pacific Ocean launches. It works in concert with the Sea Launch Commander assembly and control ship. Its home port is the Port of Long Beach in the United States (a former drilling-rig) in the equatorial Pacific Ocean The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth's oceanic divisions. Its name is derived from the Latin name Mare Pacificum, "peaceful sea", bestowed upon it by the Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan. It extends from the Arctic in the north to Antarctica in the south, bounded by Asia and Australia in the west and the Americas in the. Sea Launch has launched numerous satellites since, with few failures.
• Air Launch, Kistler, Beal Beal Aerospace was a launch vehicle development company, founded in February 1997 by Andrew Beal, president of Beal Bank in Dallas, Texas. The goal of the company was to build and operate a privately developed heavy lift orbital launch vehicle. It ceased operations on October 23, 2000, Liberty, SpaceX Space Exploration Technologies Corporation is an American space-transportation startup company founded by PayPal co-founder Elon Musk. It is developing partially reusable launch vehicles - the Falcon 1 and Falcon 9 - and the Dragon series of space capsules and other private companies are developing orbital rockets and launch systems.

Unconfirmed claims

• Iraq Iraq, officially the Republic of Iraq (Arabic: جمهورية العراق Jumhūrīyat Al-ʾIrāq, Kurdish: كۆماری ﮦێراق Komarê Iraq; pronounced /ɪˈrɑk/ or /ɪˈræk/), is a country in Western Asia spanning most of the northwestern end of the Zagros mountain range, the eastern part of the Syrian Desert and the northern part of the developed and tested the Tammouz space launch vehicle without a payload on 5 December 1989. According to a press release by the Iraqi News Agency the warhead completed 6 orbits, but this was not confirmed.
• North Korea North Korea is the commonly used short form name for the Democratic People's Republic of Korea , a state located in East Asia, in the northern half of the Korean Peninsula, with its capital and largest city being Pyongyang claimed to have launched the Kwangmyŏngsŏng satellite on 31 August 1998 from Musudan-ri, but this was never confirmed and widely believed to be a cover for the test launch of the Taepodong-1 military missile.
• Iran Iran (Persian: ايران, /irɒn/↔[ʔiˈɾɒn] , officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (Persian: جمهوری اسلامی ايران, pronounced [dʒomhuːɾije eslɒːmije iːɾɒn]), formerly known internationally as Persia until 1935, is a country in Central Eurasia, located on the northeastern shore of the Persian Gulf. The name Iran is on 17 August 2008 launched its space launcher Safir with dummy satellite that, as it was announced by Iran, makes orbits on a 650 km LEO. ^[1][2][3][4] USA stated that the launch was a failure with the second stage out of control.[1] No other international confirmations or denials of this fact is revealed.

Failed launches

• Brazil Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: República Federativa do Brasil) listen (help·info), is the largest and most populous country in South America. It is the fifth largest country by geographical area, the fifth most populous country, and the fourth most populous democracy in the world. Its population comprises the has yet to launch a satellite into orbit. Its space program The Brazilian space program is the most advanced space program in Latin America, with significant capabilities in launch vehicles, launch sites, and satellite manufacturing. It is based at the National Institute for Space Research , under the Ministry of Science and Technology (MCT). It was founded by Decree nº. 4.724, on June 9, 2003 suffered three satellite launch failures, the latest being the premature explosion On August 22, 2003, a massive explosion destroyed a Brazilian Space Agency VLS-1 rocket as it stood on its launch pad at the Alcântara Launching Center in the state of Maranhão in northern Brazil. Twenty-one people, standing on the launch pad, died when one of the rocket's four first stage motors ignited accidentally. The explosion caused a fire of a VLS-1 rocket on 22 August 2003 at the Alcântara Launch Centre, which resulted in 21 deaths.

Non-domestic launch vehicles

• Canada Canada is a country occupying most of northern North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean. It is the world's second largest country by total area, and shares land borders with the United States to the south and northwest had its first satellite, Alouette 1 Alouette 1 was Canada's first satellite, and the first satellite operated by a country other than the USSR or the United States. Occasionally, Alouette I is misrepresented as the third satellite successfully put in orbit, rather than being from the third country ever to do so, but numerous Sputnik and Explorer program missions preceded it. The launched by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is an agency of the United States government, responsible for the nation's public space program. NASA was established on July 29, 1958, by the National Aeronautics and Space Act (NASA) from the Pacific Missile Range from Vandenberg AFB Vandenberg Air Force Base is a United States military installation with a spaceport, in Santa Barbara County, California, United States. It is also a census-designated place (CDP) with a population of 6,151 as of the 2000 census, California at 06:05 UTC on 29 September 1962. However, a United States Thor Agena-B two-stage rocket, not a Canadian rocket, was used in the launch.
• Italy Italy [ˈɪtəli] (Italian: Italia), officially the Italian Republic, (Italian: Repubblica Italiana), is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea, Sicily and Sardinia. Italy shares its northern Alpine boundary with France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia. The independent states launched its first satellite, San Marco 2, on 26 April 1967 from the San Marco platform The San Marco Platform is a spaceport platform on an old oil platform near Kenya, developed in the 1960 through a partnership between the Centro Ricerche Aerospaziali at the University of Rome La Sapienza and NASA to serve as a launch pad for Italian spacecraft. While still in existence, it is not currently used as a launch site off the coast of Kenya The Republic of Kenya is a country in East Africa. It is bordered by Ethiopia to the north, Somalia to the northeast, Tanzania to the south, Uganda to the west, and Sudan to the northwest, with the Indian Ocean running along the southeast border. The country is named after Mount Kenya, a very significant landmark and the second among the highest; however, a United States Scout B rocket, not an Italian rocket, was used in the launch.
• Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the southern hemisphere comprising the mainland of the world's smallest continent, the major island of Tasmania, and numerous other islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans.N4 Neighbouring countries include Indonesia, East Timor and Papua New Guinea to the north, the Solomon launched its first satellite, WRESAT, on 29 November 1967 from Woomera Woomera (31°12′S 136°49′E / -31.2, 136.817 , Australia; however, a United States Redstone rocket, not an Australian rocket, was used in the launch.

Abandoned projects

• Europe under the multi-national ELDO In April 1960 the British government cancelled its Blue Streak missile programme. Planned to be the first stage of a satellite launcher its development was almost complete. Britain proposed a collaboration with other European countries to build a three-stage launcher capable of placing a one-ton payload into low Earth orbit. Consisting of Belgium, consortium developed and tested the space launcher Europa in the 1960s. All launch tests were unsuccessful and the program was closed.
• Iraq Iraq, officially the Republic of Iraq (Arabic: جمهورية العراق Jumhūrīyat Al-ʾIrāq, Kurdish: كۆماری ﮦێراق Komarê Iraq; pronounced /ɪˈrɑk/ or /ɪˈræk/), is a country in Western Asia spanning most of the northwestern end of the Zagros mountain range, the eastern part of the Syrian Desert and the northern part of the announced an ambitious space program but it was closed very soon after the first test of space launcher in 1989 described above.
• South Africa The Republic of South Africa is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa. The South African coast stretches 2,798 kilometres (1,739 mi) and borders both the Atlantic and Indian oceans. To the north of South Africa lie Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Mozambique and Swaziland, while the Kingdom of Lesotho is an independent developed the space launcher RSA-3 Shavit is a space launch vehicle produced by Israel to launch small satellites into low earth orbit. It was first launched on September 19, 1988 (carrying an Ofeq satellite payload), making Israel the eighth country to have a space launch capability in the 1980s. This rocket was tested 3 times without a satellite payload in 1989 and 1990. The program was postponed and cancelled in 1994 for political reasons.
• Germany Germany [ˈdʒɜːmənɪ] , officially the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland (help·info), IPA: [ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant]), is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and had a preliminary development of numerous rocket space launchers and re-usable launch systems (Sänger II, etc.) after WWII. These were never realized as national or European projects.
• Canada Canada is a country occupying most of northern North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean. It is the world's second largest country by total area, and shares land borders with the United States to the south and northwest had developed the gun-based space launchers Martlet and GLO as the joint Canadian-American Project HARP in the 1960s. These rockets were never tested.
• Spain Spain [speɪn] (Spanish: España?·i, Spanish pronunciation: [esˈpaɲa]) or the Kingdom of Spain (Spanish: Reino de España), is a country located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.[note 6] Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar; to the north by France, developed the space launcher Capricorno (Capricorn) in the 1990s. This rocket were never tested.
• Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the southern hemisphere comprising the mainland of the world's smallest continent, the major island of Tasmania, and numerous other islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans.N4 Neighbouring countries include Indonesia, East Timor and Papua New Guinea to the north, the Solomon, Argentina Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic , is a country in South America, constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city. It is the second largest country in South America by land area, and eighth in the world. Its continental area is 2,766,890 km² (1,068,302 sq mi), between the Andes mountain range in the west and the, Egypt Egypt ([ˈiːdʒɪpt] ; Arabic: مصر‎, Miṣr or Máṣr) is a country in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge to Western Asia. Covering an area of about 1,010,000 square kilometers (390,000 sq mi), Egypt borders the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast, the Red Sea to the east,, and Romania Romania [ɹoʊˈmeɪniə] (dated: Rumania, Roumania; Romanian: România, IPA: [ro.mɨˈni.a]) is a country located in South-East Central Europe, North of the Balkan Peninsula, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian arch, bordering on the Black Sea. Almost all of the Danube Delta is located within its territory. It shares a border tried to develop space launchers at various times.
• In the late 1970s and early 1980s, the private German company OTRAG OTRAG , was a German company which planned in the late 1970s and early 1980s to develop an alternative propulsion system for rockets. OTRAG was the first commercial developer and producer of space launch vehicles. The OTRAG Rocket represents an inexpensive alternative to existing launch systems through mass-production of innovative Common Rocket tried to develop low-cost commercial space launchers. Only sub-orbital tests of the first prototypes of these rockets were carried out.

Expected future launch attempts

• South Korea South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea and often referred to as Korea , listen (help·info)) is a presidential republic in East Asia, occupying the southern half of the Korean Peninsula. Also known as the "Land of the Morning Calm", it is neighbored by China to the west, Japan to the east and borders North Korea to the north's space program The Korea Aerospace Research Institute is the aeronautics and space agency of South Korea. Its main laboratories are located in Daejeon, in the Daedeok Science Town. Current projects include the KSLV launcher. Past projects include the 1999 Arirang-1 satellite. The agency was founded in 1981. Prior to South Korea's entry into the IAE in 1992, it, with assistance from Russia Russia [ˈɹʌʃə] (Russian: Россия, Rossiya), or the Russian Federation (Russian: Российская Федерация?·i, Rossiyskaya Federatsiya), is a transcontinental country extending over much of northern Eurasia. It is a semi-presidential republic comprising 83 federal subjects. Russia shares land borders with the following, is building the Naro Space Center Naro Space Center is the first spaceport of the South Korea, built in Goheung County, South Jeolla . With majority of the construction complete, it is expected to open in 2008. Built on 4.95 million square meters of reclaimed land, Korea Space Center is expected to send a Korea Space Launch Vehicle into space in December, 2008. The construction in South Korea. It is scheduled to begin operation in early 2008, and South Korea is planning to launch a KSLV-I The Korea Space Launch Vehicle will be the first space launcher of South Korea. It is being built under the authority of the Korea Aerospace Research Institute, the equivalent to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration of the United States rocket to put the nation's first satellite into orbit sometime before end of 2008.
• Iran Iran (Persian: ايران, /irɒn/↔[ʔiˈɾɒn] , officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (Persian: جمهوری اسلامی ايران, pronounced [dʒomhuːɾije eslɒːmije iːɾɒn]), formerly known internationally as Persia until 1935, is a country in Central Eurasia, located on the northeastern shore of the Persian Gulf. The name Iran is, at a date set to be no later than March 2009, intends to launch the first indigenously developed and launched satellite Omid Omid is an Iranian research satellite. It will be the first satellite launched by an Iranian carrier rocket. After launch, it is to be placed into a low Earth orbit by own space launcher Safir that was tested few times in 2007-2008. The attempt of orbital launch described above. On 4 February 2008 Iran launched the same Kavoshgar-1 The Safir is the name of the first Iranian expendable launch vehicle that is able to place a satellite in orbit. A sub-orbital test flight, named Kavoshgar-1 (Persian: کاوشگر ۱, Explorer-1), was conducted on February 4, 2008, as announced by state-run television. A launch on February 25, 2007, may also have been of the same type. The first rocket on a suborbital trajectory. On 25 January 2007 the first suborbital test of the rocket (to an altitude of 150 km) was conducted.
• Ukraine Ukraine [juˈkɹeɪn] (Ukrainian: Україна, Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/) is a country in Eastern Europe. It borders Russia to the east, Belarus to the north, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary to the west, Romania, Moldova (including the breakaway Pridnestrovie) to the southwest, and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south. The city of Kiev (Kyiv) is a major manufacturer of space launchers Tsyklon (Cyclone) The Tsyklon , GRAU index 11K67, was a Soviet/Ukrainian-designed expendable launch system, primarily used to put Cosmos satellites into low Earth orbit. It is based on the R-36 intercontinental ballistic missile designed by Mikhail Yangel and made eight launches, with seven successes, and one failure. All of its launches were conducted from LC-90, Zenit The Zenit rocket is a space launch vehicle designed by the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau of Ukraine. Zenit was built in the 1980s for two purposes: as a liquid rocket booster for the Energia rocket and, equipped with a second stage, as a stand-alone rocket. Moreover Zenit was planned to take over manned spaceship launches from Soyuz, but these plans were, Dnipro (Dnepr) The Dnepr rocket is a space launch vehicle named after the Dnieper River. It is a converted ICBM used for launching artificial satellites into orbit, operated by launch service provider ISC Kosmotras. The first launch, on April 21, 1999, successfully placed UoSAT-12, a 350 kg demonstration mini-satellite, into a 650 km circular LEO, Mayak. Ukraine has no indigenous vehicle-launch facility and has not been the sole supporter of an orbital launch. Currently, Ukraine has plans of a domestic launch facility of aforementioned rockets (as well as the Svityaz launch system with airplane-base start), both indigenously and under cooperation with Brazil and other countries. Spaceports A spaceport or cosmodrome is a site for launching spacecraft, by analogy with seaport for ships or airport for aircraft. In rocketry, major spaceports often include more than one launch complex, each of which may have more than one launch pad. Spaceports like the Mojave Spaceport include runways for takeoff and landing of rocket-powered aircraft outside the territory of Ukraine are being considered as well.
• Pakistan Pakistan (Urdu: پاکستان listen ), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia and borders Central Asia and the Middle East. It has a 1,046 kilometre (650 mile) coastline along the Arabian Sea and Gulf of Oman in the south, and is bordered by Afghanistan and Iran in the west, India in the east and China in has developed two families of indigenous military ballistic rockets (Ghauri and Shaheen Shaheen is a name of Arabic origin. It is an Arabic word that means "majestic eagle". It can refer to:) in recent years. These could be converted into space launchers.
• Romania Romania [ɹoʊˈmeɪniə] (dated: Rumania, Roumania; Romanian: România, IPA: [ro.mɨˈni.a]) is a country located in South-East Central Europe, North of the Balkan Peninsula, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian arch, bordering on the Black Sea. Almost all of the Danube Delta is located within its territory. It shares a border is now developing a domestic small space launcher Orizont (Horizon) that could place nano-satellites in orbit within a few years. This program is a joint venture between the Romanian government and local industry.
• Kazakhstan is now developing the space launcher Bayterek in cooperation with Russia.
• Australia is now developing the space launcher Ausroc.
• Malaysia announced in 2006 that there is an intention to develop a domestic space launcher in the near future.
• Turkey announced in 2007 that there is an intention to develop the domestic space launcher in the far future.

Notes

¹ The Soviet Union's successor state, Russia, took over the Soviet space program after the Soviet Union's dissolution on 25 December 1991. The first satellite launched by Russia was Cosmos 2175 on 21 January 1992.

² The multi-national European Space Agency, which currently has 17 members, is counted as a single entity.

See also

• Timeline of space travel by nationality

References

1. ^ "Iran launches satellite carrier". BBC News. Retrieved on 2008-08-17.
2. ^ "Iran says it has put first dummy satellite in orbit". Reuters. Retrieved on 2008-08-18.
3. ^ "伊朗将于下周发射自主生产的卫星". 伊通社 (2008-08-16). Retrieved on 18 August, 2008.
4. ^ Iran Sends First Satellite into Orbit

• First Satellites Launched By Spacefaring Nations, Anthony R. Curtis, Ph.D., Space Today Online, accessed 17 February 2006.
• National Briefings: Iraq, Ranger Associates, accessed 17 February 2006.
• The 31 August 1998 North Korean Satellite Launch: Factsheet, Kevin Orfall and Gaurav Kampani, with Michael Dutra, Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Monterey Institute of International Studies, accessed 17 February 2006.
• News Release 25-98, United States Space Command, 8 September 1998, accessed 17 February 2006.
• Daily Press Briefing, James P. Rubin, United States Department of State, 14 September 1998, accessed 17 February 2006.
• BBC World: Brazil Launches rocket into space
• Space.com: Brazil completes successful rocket launch
• Herald Tribune: Brazil launches rocket for gravity research
• AFP: Iran rocket test 'unfortunate': White House
• Space-Travel.com: Iran opens its first space centre, riling the US
• New York Times: Iran Launches Rocket to Commemorate New Space Center
• MSNBC: Iran unveils space center, launches rocket

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